1. What is the “Brandenburg test” for protected speech? How is it different from the “clear and present danger” test?

I’m not so sure about his part. For Brandenburg, I believe he mentioned something like an action that could potentially advocate crime. A directed at inciting or producing imminent lawless action. For clear and present danger a definition would be an action that has a tendency to cause panic and create clear and present danger. Giving a racial speech may be protected by the “clear and present danger”

1. What is “stochastic terrorism”?

Use mass communication to influence many people, influenced random actor may carry out violence or terrorist acts that is statistically predictable but not individually predictable.

1. How does “stochastic terrorism” make it difficult to apply the Brandenburg test to conspiracy theories?

It’s unpredictable in terms of where and when such violence will happen. They know for sure it will but don’t know which individual will carry such action. Speeches that promote it are protected by the Brandenburg test.

1. Using at least two quotes from the reading, write a paragraph or two explaining your view on whether conspiracy theory should be protected free speech.

I do not believe that Conspiracy theories should be protected under free speech right. The reason is simple, it can lead to chaos against a particular group of people.”Use of mass communication to incite random actors to carry out violence or terrorist act” Yes, that is what conspiracy theory is capable of. A secret group of people spreads false information against a particular group for their own interest. we do have the freedom to express any ideas we believe, but it doesn’t mean that it won’t come with consequences or it will do any good to the society. 4 scholars who sued Jone, form infowar, states that “False speech does not serve the public interest the wat that true speech does.. and indeed there is no constitution value in the false statement of fact” I sincerely agreed with it, it will spreading false information will do no good to us.